Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Wastewater shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Wastewater offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Wastewater at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Wastewater? Wrong! If the Wastewater is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Wastewater then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Wastewater? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Wastewater and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Wastewater wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Wastewater then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Wastewater site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Wastewater, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Wastewater, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. It comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry, and/or agriculture and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations. In the most common usage, it refers to the municipal wastewater that contains a broad spectrum of contaminants resulting from the mixing of wastewaters from different sources.
Sewage is correctly the subset of wastewater that is contaminated with feces or urine, but is often used to mean any waste water. "Sewage" includes domestic, municipal, or industrial wastes disposed of, usually via a
pipeline transport or sewer or similar structure, sometimes in a
cesspool emptier.
The physical infrastructure, including pipes, pumps, screens, channels etc. used to convey sewage from its origin to the point of eventual treatment or disposal is termed sewerage.
Wastewater origin
Wastewater or sewage can come from (text in brackets indicates likely inclusions or contaminants) :-
- Human waste, usually from lavatory: (Human fæces, used toilet paper, wipes, urine, other bodily fluids) also known as Blackwater (waste)
- Cesspit leakage
- Septic tank discharge
- Sewage treatment plant discharge
- Washing water (personal, clothes, floors, dishes, etc.) also known as greywater or sullage
- Rainfall collected on roofs, yards, hard-standings, etc. (traces of oils and fuel but generally clean)
- Groundwater infiltrated into sewerage.
- Surplus manufactured liquids from domestic sources (drinks, cooking oil, pesticides, Lubricant, paint, cleaning liquids, etc.)
- Urban rainfall run-off from roads, car-parks, roofs, side-walks or pavements (contains oils, animal faeces, litter, fuel residues, rubber residues, metals from vehicle exhausts etc)
- Seawater ingress (salt, micro-biota, high volumes)
- Direct ingress of river water (micro-biota, high volumes)
- Direct ingress of man-made liquids (illegal disposal of pesticides, used oils, etc.)
- Highway drainage (oil, de-icing agents, rubber residues)
- Storm drains (almost anything including cars, shopping trolleys, trees, cattle etc.)
- blackwater (waste) - surface water contaminated by sewage
- Industrial waste:-
- Industry site drainage (silt, sand, alkali, oil, chemical)
- Industrial cooling waters (biocides, heat, slimes, silt)
- Industrial process waters
- Organic - bio-degradable - includes waste from abattoirs and creamery and ice-cream manufacture.
- Organic - non bio-degradable or difficult to treat - for example Pharmaceutical or Pesticide manufacturing
- Inorganic - for example from the metalworking industry
- extreme pH - from acid/alkali manufacturing, metal plating
- Toxic - e.g. from metal plating, cyanide production, pesticide manufacturing
- Solids and Emulsions - e.g. Paper manufacturing, food stuffs, lubricating and hydraulic oil manufacture
- Agriculture drainage - direct and diffuse
Wastewater constituents
The composition of wastewater varies widely. This is a partial list of what it may contain:
- Water ( > 95%) which is often added during flushing to carry the waste down a drain
- Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, prions and parasite.
- Non-pathogenic Bacterium (> 100,000 / ml for sewage)
- Organic material particles such as faeces, hairs, food, vomit, paper fibres, plant material, humus, etc.
- Soluble organic material such as urea, fruit sugars, soluble proteins, medication, pharmaceuticals, etc.
- Inorganic particles such as sand, grit, metal particles, ceramics, etc.
- Soluble inorganic material such as ammonia, road-salt, sea-salt, cyanide, Hydrogen sulfide, thiocyanates, Thiosulfate, etc.
- Animals such as protozoa, insects, arthropods, small fish, etc.
- Macro-solids such as sanitary towels, Diaper, condoms, Hypodermic needles, children's toys, dead pets, body parts, etc.
- Gases such as hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.
- Emulsions such as paints, adhesives, mayonnaise, hair colourants, emulsified oils, etc.
- Toxins such as pesticides, poisons, herbicides, etc.
Wastewater quality indicators
Any
Redox material present in a natural waterway or in an industrial wastewater will be oxidized both by Biochemistry (bacterial) or chemical processes. The result is that the oxygen content of the water will be decreased. Basically, the reaction for biochemical oxidation may be written as:
Oxidizable material + bacteria + nutrient + O2 → CO2 + H2O + oxidized Inorganic chemistry such as NO3 or SO4
Oxygen consumption by reducing chemicals such as sulfides and nitrites is typified as follows:
S-- + 2 O2 → SO4--
NO2- + ½ O2 → NO3-
Since all natural waterways contain bacteria and nutrient, almost any waste compounds introduced into such waterways will initiate biochemical reactions (such as shown above). Those biochemical reactions create what is measured in the laboratory as the
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
Oxidizable chemicals (such as reducing chemicals) introduced into a natural water will similarly initiate chemical reactions (such as shown above). Those chemical reactions create what is measured in the laboratory as the
Chemical oxygen demand (COD).
Both the BOD and COD tests are a measure of the relative oxygen-depletion effect of a waste contaminant. Both have been widely adopted as a measure of pollution effect. The BOD test measures the oxygen demand of biodegradation pollutants whereas the COD test measures the oxygen demand of biogradable pollutants plus the oxygen demand of non-biodegradable oxidizable pollutants.
The so-called 5-day BOD measures the amount of oxygen consumed by biochemical oxidation of waste contaminants in a 5-day period. The total amount of oxygen consumed when the biochemical reaction is allowed to proceed to completion is called the Ultimate BOD. The Ultimate BOD is too time consuming, so the 5-day BOD has almost universally been adopted as a measure of relative pollution effect.
There are also many different COD tests. Perhaps, the most common is the 4-hour COD.
It should be emphasized that there is no generalized correlation between the 5-day BOD and the Ultimate BOD. Likewise, there is no generalized correlation between BOD and COD. It is possible to develop such correlations for a specific waste contaminant in a specific wastewater stream ... but such correlations cannot be generalized for use with any other waste contaminants or wastewater streams.The laboratory test procedures for the determining the above oxygen demands are detailed in the following sections of the "Standard Methods For the Examination Of Water and Wastewater" available at www.standardmethods.org:
* 5-day BOD and Ultimate BOD: Sections 5210B and 5210C
* COD: Section 5220
Sewage disposal
In some urban areas, sewage is carried separately in sanitary sewers and runoff from streets is carried in storm drains. Access to either of these is typically through a
manhole. During high precipitation periods a
sanitary sewer overflow can occur, causing potential
public health and ecology damage.
Sewage may drain directly into major drainage basins with minimal or no treatment. When untreated, sewage can have serious impacts on the quality of an environment and on the health of people. Pathogens can cause a variety of illnesses. Some chemicals pose risks even at very low concentrations and can remain a threat for long periods of time because of
bioaccumulation in animal or human tissue.
Treatment
There are numerous processes that can be used to clean up waste waters depending on the type and extent of contamination. Most wastewater is treated in industrial-scale sewage treatment (WWTPs) which may include physical, chemical and biological treatment processes. However, the use of septic tanks and other On-Site Sewage Facilities (
OSSF) is widespread in rural areas, serving up to one quarter of the homes in the U.S. The most important aerobic treatment system is the activated sludge process, based on the maintenance and recirculation of a complex biomass composed by micro-organisms able to degrade the organic matter carried in the wastewater. Anaerobic processes are widely applied in the treatment of industrial wastewaters and biological sludge. Some wastewater may be highly treated and reused as
reclaimed water. For some waste waters
ecological approaches using Phragmites bed systems such as
constructed wetlands may be appropriate. Modern systems include tertiary treatment by micro filtration or synthetic membranes. After membrane filtration, the treated wastewater is indistinguishable from waters of natural origin of drinking quality. Nitrates can be removed from wastewater by microbial
denitrification, for which a small amount of
methanol is typically added to provide the bacteria with a source of carbon. Ozone Waste Water Treatment is also growing in popularity, and requires the use of an ozone generator, which decontaminates the water as Ozone bubbles percolate through the tank.
Disposal of wastewaters from an industrial plant is a difficult and costly problem. Most petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the local and/or national regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into community treatment plants or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Reuse
Treated wastewater can be reused as drinking water (Singapore), in industry (cooling towers), in artificial recharge of aquifers, in agriculture (70% of Israel's irrigated agriculture is based on highly purified wastewater) and in the rehabilitation of natural ecosystems (Florida's
Everglades).
Etymology
The words "sewage" and "
sewer" came from Old French
essouier = "to drain", which came from
Latin exaquāre. Their formal Latin antecedents are
exaquāticum and
exaquārium.
External links
- Industrial Pollution Information from the Coastal Ocean Institute, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- Domestic Pollution and Sewage Information from the Coastal Ocean Institute, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- Nijhuis Water Technology
- Ozone Technology
- Wastewater treatment with Activated Carbon by Chemviron Carbon
See also
References
Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by
anthropogenic influence. It comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry, and/or agriculture and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations. In the most common usage, it refers to the municipal wastewater that contains a broad spectrum of contaminants resulting from the mixing of wastewaters from different sources.
Sewage is correctly the subset of wastewater that is contaminated with feces or
urine, but is often used to mean any waste water. "
Sewage" includes domestic, municipal, or industrial
wastes disposed of, usually via a pipeline transport or
sewer or similar structure, sometimes in a cesspool emptier.
The physical infrastructure, including pipes,
pumps, screens, channels etc. used to convey sewage from its origin to the point of eventual treatment or disposal is termed
sewerage.
Wastewater origin
Wastewater or sewage can come from (text in brackets indicates likely inclusions or contaminants) :-
- Human waste, usually from lavatory: (Human fæces, used toilet paper, wipes, urine, other bodily fluids) also known as Blackwater (waste)
- Cesspit leakage
- Septic tank discharge
- Sewage treatment plant discharge
- Washing water (personal, clothes, floors, dishes, etc.) also known as greywater or sullage
- Rainfall collected on roofs, yards, hard-standings, etc. (traces of oils and fuel but generally clean)
- Groundwater infiltrated into sewerage.
- Surplus manufactured liquids from domestic sources (drinks, cooking oil, pesticides, Lubricant, paint, cleaning liquids, etc.)
- Urban rainfall run-off from roads, car-parks, roofs, side-walks or pavements (contains oils, animal faeces, litter, fuel residues, rubber residues, metals from vehicle exhausts etc)
- Seawater ingress (salt, micro-biota, high volumes)
- Direct ingress of river water (micro-biota, high volumes)
- Direct ingress of man-made liquids (illegal disposal of pesticides, used oils, etc.)
- Highway drainage (oil, de-icing agents, rubber residues)
- Storm drains (almost anything including cars, shopping trolleys, trees, cattle etc.)
- blackwater (waste) - surface water contaminated by sewage
- Industrial waste:-
- Industry site drainage (silt, sand, alkali, oil, chemical)
- Industrial cooling waters (biocides, heat, slimes, silt)
- Industrial process waters
- Organic - bio-degradable - includes waste from abattoirs and creamery and ice-cream manufacture.
- Organic - non bio-degradable or difficult to treat - for example Pharmaceutical or Pesticide manufacturing
- Inorganic - for example from the metalworking industry
- extreme pH - from acid/alkali manufacturing, metal plating
- Toxic - e.g. from metal plating, cyanide production, pesticide manufacturing
- Solids and Emulsions - e.g. Paper manufacturing, food stuffs, lubricating and hydraulic oil manufacture
- Agriculture drainage - direct and diffuse
Wastewater constituents
The composition of wastewater varies widely. This is a partial list of what it may contain:
- Water ( > 95%) which is often added during flushing to carry the waste down a drain
- Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, prions and parasite.
- Non-pathogenic Bacterium (> 100,000 / ml for sewage)
- Organic material particles such as faeces, hairs, food, vomit, paper fibres, plant material, humus, etc.
- Soluble organic material such as urea, fruit sugars, soluble proteins, medication, pharmaceuticals, etc.
- Inorganic particles such as sand, grit, metal particles, ceramics, etc.
- Soluble inorganic material such as ammonia, road-salt, sea-salt, cyanide, Hydrogen sulfide, thiocyanates, Thiosulfate, etc.
- Animals such as protozoa, insects, arthropods, small fish, etc.
- Macro-solids such as sanitary towels, Diaper, condoms, Hypodermic needles, children's toys, dead pets, body parts, etc.
- Gases such as hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.
- Emulsions such as paints, adhesives, mayonnaise, hair colourants, emulsified oils, etc.
- Toxins such as pesticides, poisons, herbicides, etc.
Wastewater quality indicators
Any
Redox material present in a natural waterway or in an industrial wastewater will be oxidized both by Biochemistry (bacterial) or chemical processes. The result is that the oxygen content of the water will be decreased. Basically, the reaction for biochemical oxidation may be written as:
Oxidizable material + bacteria + nutrient + O2 → CO2 + H2O + oxidized Inorganic chemistry such as NO3 or SO4
Oxygen consumption by reducing chemicals such as sulfides and nitrites is typified as follows:
S-- + 2 O2 → SO4--
NO2- + ½ O2 → NO3-
Since all natural waterways contain bacteria and nutrient, almost any waste compounds introduced into such waterways will initiate biochemical reactions (such as shown above). Those biochemical reactions create what is measured in the laboratory as the
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
Oxidizable chemicals (such as reducing chemicals) introduced into a natural water will similarly initiate chemical reactions (such as shown above). Those chemical reactions create what is measured in the laboratory as the Chemical oxygen demand (COD).
Both the BOD and COD tests are a measure of the relative oxygen-depletion effect of a waste contaminant. Both have been widely adopted as a measure of pollution effect. The BOD test measures the oxygen demand of
biodegradation pollutants whereas the COD test measures the oxygen demand of biogradable pollutants plus the oxygen demand of non-biodegradable oxidizable pollutants.
The so-called 5-day BOD measures the amount of oxygen consumed by biochemical oxidation of waste contaminants in a 5-day period. The total amount of oxygen consumed when the biochemical reaction is allowed to proceed to completion is called the Ultimate BOD. The Ultimate BOD is too time consuming, so the 5-day BOD has almost universally been adopted as a measure of relative pollution effect.
There are also many different COD tests. Perhaps, the most common is the 4-hour COD.
It should be emphasized that there is no generalized correlation between the 5-day BOD and the Ultimate BOD. Likewise, there is no generalized correlation between BOD and COD. It is possible to develop such correlations for a specific waste contaminant in a specific wastewater stream ... but such correlations cannot be generalized for use with any other waste contaminants or wastewater streams.The laboratory test procedures for the determining the above oxygen demands are detailed in the following sections of the "Standard Methods For the Examination Of Water and Wastewater" available at www.standardmethods.org:
* 5-day BOD and Ultimate BOD: Sections 5210B and 5210C
* COD: Section 5220
Sewage disposal
In some urban areas, sewage is carried separately in sanitary sewers and runoff from streets is carried in
storm drains. Access to either of these is typically through a
manhole. During high precipitation periods a sanitary sewer overflow can occur, causing potential
public health and
ecology damage.
Sewage may drain directly into major
drainage basins with minimal or no treatment. When untreated, sewage can have serious impacts on the quality of an environment and on the health of people. Pathogens can cause a variety of illnesses. Some chemicals pose risks even at very low concentrations and can remain a threat for long periods of time because of
bioaccumulation in animal or human tissue.
Treatment
There are numerous processes that can be used to clean up waste waters depending on the type and extent of contamination. Most wastewater is treated in industrial-scale sewage treatment (WWTPs) which may include physical, chemical and biological treatment processes. However, the use of
septic tanks and other On-Site Sewage Facilities (
OSSF) is widespread in rural areas, serving up to one quarter of the homes in the U.S. The most important aerobic treatment system is the activated sludge process, based on the maintenance and recirculation of a complex biomass composed by micro-organisms able to degrade the organic matter carried in the wastewater. Anaerobic processes are widely applied in the treatment of industrial wastewaters and biological sludge. Some wastewater may be highly treated and reused as
reclaimed water. For some waste waters ecological approaches using
Phragmites bed systems such as constructed wetlands may be appropriate. Modern systems include tertiary treatment by micro filtration or synthetic membranes. After membrane filtration, the treated wastewater is indistinguishable from waters of natural origin of drinking quality.
Nitrates can be removed from wastewater by microbial
denitrification, for which a small amount of methanol is typically added to provide the bacteria with a source of carbon. Ozone Waste Water Treatment is also growing in popularity, and requires the use of an ozone generator, which decontaminates the water as Ozone bubbles percolate through the tank.
Disposal of wastewaters from an industrial plant is a difficult and costly problem. Most petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the local and/or national regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into community treatment plants or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Reuse
Treated wastewater can be reused as drinking water (Singapore), in industry (
cooling towers), in artificial recharge of aquifers, in agriculture (70% of Israel's
irrigated agriculture is based on highly purified wastewater) and in the rehabilitation of natural ecosystems (Florida's
Everglades).
Etymology
The words "sewage" and "sewer" came from Old French
essouier = "to drain", which came from
Latin exaquāre. Their formal Latin antecedents are
exaquāticum and
exaquārium.
External links
- Industrial Pollution Information from the Coastal Ocean Institute, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- Domestic Pollution and Sewage Information from the Coastal Ocean Institute, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- Nijhuis Water Technology
- Ozone Technology
- Wastewater treatment with Activated Carbon by Chemviron Carbon
See also
References
Wastewater - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. It comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties ...
United Utilities web site :: Wastewater
We manage wastewater networks in the UK and overseas ... Wastewater. United Utilities is the UK's largest operator of wastewater systems.
United Utilities web site :: How we deal with wastewater
Flush and forget - How we clean your dirty water ... How we deal with wastewater: How we deal with wastewater. Out of sight, out of mind… we take away and treat wastewater (used ...
Wastewater Treatment Chemicals
Wastewater Treatment Chemicals...technically advanced waste water products have been specifically developed to be used across a wide range of demanding commercial, industrial and ...
Wastewater Treatment - water-waste-environment-marketplace.com
Wastewater Treatment - water-waste-environment-marketplace.com ... Euroby Limited Euroby specialises in liquid waste/effluent and liquid product processing through sales and hire ...
Halcrow careers - water engineer jobs - wastewater engineer jobs
Halcrow jobs - water engineer jobs ... Senior engineer, Water and wastewater, Abu Dhabi: Water and wastewater engineer, Abu Dhabi
OnSite - Wastewater Management
OnSite, the UK's leading supplier of services to the wastewater industry. Over 25 years experience working nationally and internationally.
SBWWi ::
The Society of British Water and Wastewater Industries (SBWWI) is an active, not-for-profit, trade association representing the interests of UK manufacturers, contractors ...
Water and Wastewater Treatment
Envirolink Northwest, a not-for-profit organisation, aims to assist the economic development of the Northwest England's Environmental Technologies and Services Sector
Global Wastewater Technology Summit
Global Wastewater Technology Summit ... Event News: Enter your email address below to keep up to date with all the latest news from London Business Conferences.
